Several techniques are used to study gene expression. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) are commonly used to measure mRNA levels. Western blotting and mass spectrometry are employed to analyze protein expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) can be used to study protein-DNA interactions, while various reporter assays help in understanding promoter activity. Advances in single-cell RNA-seq have revolutionized our ability to study gene expression at the individual cell level, providing insights into cellular heterogeneity.
