Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, can alter the accessibility of DNA to transcription machinery. Transcription factors and enhancers/repressors play pivotal roles in regulating the initiation of transcription. Post-transcriptional regulation includes RNA splicing, editing, and degradation, while translational control involves the initiation, elongation, and termination of protein synthesis. Finally, post-translational modifications can affect protein stability, activity, and localization.
