Cell growth is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors include gene expression and the availability of cellular resources, such as nutrients and energy. Extrinsic factors encompass growth factors, hormones, and interactions with other cells and the extracellular matrix. Regulatory pathways such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and the MAPK/ERK pathway play crucial roles in coordinating cell growth.
