Multiple molecular mechanisms underpin the metastatic process. Key signaling pathways include the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which endows cancer cells with enhanced migratory and invasive properties, and the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways, which promote cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role by providing biochemical and mechanical cues that facilitate each step of metastasis.
