Genetic disorders disrupt normal cellular functions by altering the production of proteins, which are crucial for various cellular activities. For instance, in cystic fibrosis, mutations in the CFTR gene lead to dysfunctional chloride channels, affecting ion transport and causing thick mucus build-up in lungs and other organs. In sickle cell anemia, mutations in the HBB gene result in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and impairing oxygen transport.
